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Definitions for Dummies - for Plants
This is not a dictionary or encyclopedia, simply my way of remembering more than my brain will hold.
Classification of Life Forms
Until the 19th century, people thought life forms came in only two kinds: plants and animals. Study revealed that concept too simplistic. Now we have five or six main groups (kingdoms) and biologists still debate if that is enough or divided correctly. Classification of life forms is an ongoing problem. Take the viruses, they are not technically alive but often act like they are, so some people give them their own kingdom.
-----Kingdom
----------Division (for plants) or Phyla (for everything else)
--------------------Class
-------------------------Order
------------------------------Family
-----------------------------------Genera
----------------------------------------Species
The Kingdoms
Monera (Bacteria) Protista (Protist) Fungi (Fungus) Plantae (Plant) Animalia (Animal) Viruses (Virus)
The main issue today is genetic heritage. Are the life forms grouped together truly related or do they just look alike?
Annual = a life cycle only one year long. These plants grows from seed, produces seed, then die in one year. The next generation come from the seed.
Perennial = a life cycle of more than one year. These plants have yearly or multi-yearly fruiting cycles. A few grow for many years but die in the year they make fruit.
Deciduous = leaves die, fall off, and the plant becomes dormant in the autumn. New leaves grow in the Spring.
Evergreen = leaves stay green through the winter. They fall as new leaves form.
Epiphyte = like moss - plant which grows upon a host but does not draw food or water from it.
Parasite = like mistletoe - an organism that obtains its food or water from a host organism without benefiting, and often hurting, the host.
Myco-heterotrophic = an organism that receives all its nutrients through (feeds off of) a symbiotic relationship with a decaying fungus. The fungus would be a saprophyte.
Mycorrhiza, Mycorrhizal = symbiotic association of the mycelium of certain fungi with the root cells of some vascular plants.
Saprophyte = an organism that receives all its nutrients through (feeds off of) decaying organic matter.
Peloria, Peloric = abnormality in the standard structure. This can be a deformity that is in a single flower of only one plant or it can be a variation that produces viable offspring. Horticulturalists use this natural mutation to bred new varieties.
Flower parts are in whorls, some plant families do not have all the parts or male and female are on different flowers or plants. The arrangement of these parts often defines the family.
Starting from the middle
1) Pistil = female structure - Stigma (sticky pollen collector), Style (tube), Ovary (produces seed).
2) Stamen = male structure - Anther (pollen producer) held up by a filament.
3) Corolla = whorl of Petals= pretty part.
4) Calyx = whorl of Sepals = part that holds up the petals.
5) Involucre = whorl of Bracts (called a Phyllary in the Asteraceae) = leafy structures below the flower or flower grouping. Not part of the flower itself. Spathe = leafy or petal-like bract (or bracts) that encloses or partially encloses the flower.
6a) Peduncle = Main stem that attaches to a single flower or the central stem of a cluster.
6b) Pedicel (pedicle) = stem that attaches to a single flower inside a cluster. These branch off the peduncle. Or the the main stem of a grass spikelet.
Pappus = hairs attached to the fruit of the Asteraceae. (the fluffy part of the dandelion)
Perianth = made up of the Corolla (petals) and Calyx (sepals) especially when they appear similar. There are many arrangement types of perianth. They are used to describe the form of the flower,
3-merous, 4-merous = refers to the number of sepals and petals in a perianth. This term is only used when the number of petals equals the number of sepals. If a flower is described as 4-merous, it will have four sepals and four petals.
Tepals = when the Corolla (petals) and Calyx (sepals) are not clearly differentiated. They look and act like petals.
Grass Structure
Flower parts are in whorls, some plant families do not have all the parts or male and female are on different flowers or plants. The arrangement of these parts often defines the family.
The flowers are so different from other families that a completely different set of terms has been developed to describe the “floret.” There are no sepals or petals. The bracts are modified into structures called the lemma and palea, which enclose the stamens and pistil. The calyx is modified into a “pappus” which may be either small scales or hairs. Typically, there are three stamens and one pistil. The stigma is bi-lobed and feather-like. This adaptation insures more effective trapping of wind-borne pollen. When the floret is mature, the lemma and palea open up, exposing the reproductive parts to the wind. After fertilization, the ovary develops into a single-seeded fruit called a grain or caryopsis. (A grass “seed” is really a fruit with the ovary wall tightly fused to the seed coat.)
Starting from the middle
1) Pistil = female structure - Stigma (sticky pollen collector), Style (tube), Ovary (produces seed).
2) Stamen = male structure - Anther (pollen producer) held up by a filament.
3) Corolla = whorl of Petals= pretty part.
4) Calyx = whorl of Sepals = part that holds up the petals.
5) Involucre = whorl of Bracts (called a Phyllary in the Asteraceae) = leafy structures below the flower or flower grouping. Not part of the flower itself. Spathe = leafy or petal-like bract (or bracts) that encloses or partially encloses the flower.
6a) Peduncle = Main stem that attaches to a single flower or the central stem of a cluster.
6b) Pedicel (pedicle) = stem that attaches to a single flower inside a cluster. These branch off the peduncle. Or the the main stem of a grass spikelet.
Pappus = hairs attached to the fruit of the Asteraceae. (the fluffy part of the dandelion)
Perianth = made up of the Corolla (petals) and Calyx (sepals) especially when they appear similar. There are many arrangement types of perianth. They are used to describe the form of the flower,
3-merous, 4-merous = refers to the number of sepals and petals in a perianth. This term is only used when the number of petals equals the number of sepals. If a flower is described as 4-merous, it will have four sepals and four petals.
Tepals = when the Corolla (petals) and Calyx (sepals) are not clearly differentiated. They look and act like petals.
Inflorescence can be any of the following: 1) flower, 2) flower cluster, 3) arrangement of flowers on an axis.
These are only a few of the many inflorescence types:
Solitary = like a tea rose - single flower on a peduncle (not a daisy).
Head = like a daisy - one "flower" made up of a dense cluster of tiny flowers. Often the outer ring of tiny flowers have an elongated petal which forms the ray petals.
Spike = like Blue Sage - branchless stem (peduncle) with multiple flowers without pedicels, blooms from the bottom up.
Raceme = like a Bluebonnet - branchless stem (peduncle) with multiple flowers on pedicels, blooms from the bottom up.
Umbel = like wild carrots - flat (sometimes rounded) dome of flowers, pedicels start at a common point. Each flower/pedicel are sometimes called "rays".
Apomixis = asexual reproduction where the embryo grow in egg cells without being fertilized by pollen - a clone
Leaves are the parts of plants generally used to produce photosynthesis.
a few Leaf Shapes:
Deltoid = rounded triangle
Lanceolate = long, wide base
Linear = long, thin
Elliptic = long, widest at middle
Oblanceolate = long, widest near the apex end, sharp apex
Oblong = long, evenly wide, round to pointed apex
Obovate = nearly round, narrow base
Ovate = long round, evenly wide
Ovate = long round, wide base and narrowing apex
Spatulate = long, widest at the round apex, narrow base
a few Margin Shapes:
Entire = no teeth, lobes, or divisions
Cleft = irregularly lobed, cut halfway to the center
Bipinnatifid = deeply lobed; lobes are lobed
Dentate = large sharp evenly spaced teeth pointing outward not forward
Denticulate = small sharp evenly spaced teeth pointing outward not forward
Lobed = irregularly lobed, cut less than halfway to the center
Serrate = large sharp evenly spaced teeth pointing forward
Serrulate = small sharp evenly spaced teeth pointing forward
Sinuate = wavy margined
a few Leaf Divisions:
Simple = one leaf
Pinnate = compound; leaflets arranged along opposite sides of axis
Palmate = compound; leaflets arranged radial from one point
Bipinnate = pinnate compound with compound leaflets
a few Stem Arrangements:
Alternate = one leaf per node; each node faces opposite directions
Basal = leaves grow at the base of the stem
Opposite = two leaves per node; leaves on opposite sides of stem
Rosette = radiating leaves near base of the stem
Whorled = three or more leaves per node; leaves circle stem
a few Apex Shapes:
Acute = pointed apex with straight sides
Emarginate = notched apex
Obtuse = wide rounded apex
Mucronate = apex with an abrupt point or spine (mucro)
a few Leaf Bases:
Attenuate = narrow pointed base
Cordate = heart shaped notch at base
Rounded = round base
a few Vein Patterns:
Reticulate or Net-veined = intersecting veins
Parallel-veined = parallel to axis
Ribbed = prominent ribs or veins
Stem:
Petiole = stalk of a leaf
Petiolulate = stalk of a leaflet
Capitate = have a blunt or round "pin-head" at end
Spreading-pilose = with long, soft, more or less straight hairs
Stellate = radiate from central point, star-like
All mushrooms with gills or pores are in the Basidiomycetes group. Basidiomycetes have spores that are attached to specialized cells called basidia. You will need a good microscope to see these cells, so most other mushroom shapes may or may not be Basidiomycetes. Those that are not Basidiomycetes are called Ascomycetes.
The Asomycetes mushrooms produce spores in specialized cells called asci, that typically hold about 8 spores like a bean pod. Most are yeasts, mildews, and molds. There are some that are "mushroom-like" but the caps are very covered in ridges or the cup folds upward.
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